คู่มือ NVIDIA Nsight Python: เจาะลึกวิธีโปรไฟล์ GPU Kernels

import os
import sys
import glob
import json
import time
import shutil
import textwrap
import traceback
import subprocess
 
RESULTS = {}
 
def banner(title):
    print("\n" + "=" * 78)
    print(title)
    print("=" * 78)
 
def section(name):
    def wrap(fn):
        def run(*a, **kw):
            banner(name)
            try:
                out = fn(*a, **kw)
                RESULTS[name] = out if isinstance(out, str) else "ok"
                return out
            except Exception as e:
                RESULTS[name] = f"SKIPPED / FAILED -> {type(e).__name__}: {str(e).splitlines()[0][:160]}"
                print(f"\n[!] {name} did not complete: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
                traceback.print_exc(limit=3)
                return None
        return run
    return wrap
 
def sh(cmd):
    """Run a shell command and return its stdout, stripped."""
    return subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True).stdout.strip()
 
banner("1. Install a current Nsight Compute next to Colab's, then import nsight before CUDA")
print(f"  GPU: {sh('nvidia-smi --query-gpu=name,driver_version,memory.total,compute_cap --format=csv,noheader')}")
preinstalled = shutil.which("ncu")
print(f"  ncu already on PATH: {preinstalled} -> {sh('ncu --version | tail -1') if preinstalled else 'none'}")
 
# nsight-python needs Nsight Compute 2026.2.1 or newer. Colab ships an older ncu, but its image already
# carries NVIDIA's CUDA apt repository, so a current release is one apt-get away. It installs into
# /opt/nvidia/nsight-compute/<version>/ and leaves the preinstalled one untouched.
subprocess.run("apt-get update -qq > /tmp/ncu_install.log 2>&1", shell=True)
for NCU_VERSION in ("2026.3.1", "2026.2.1"):
    if subprocess.run(f"apt-get install -y -qq nsight-compute-{NCU_VERSION} >> /tmp/ncu_install.log 2>&1",
                      shell=True).returncode == 0:
        break
else:
    print(sh("tail -5 /tmp/ncu_install.log"))
    raise RuntimeError("could not install Nsight Compute 2026.2.1+ from NVIDIA's apt repository")
# ask dpkg where the package put the ncu launcher rather than assuming /opt/nvidia/nsight-compute/<version>/
ncu_paths = sh(f"dpkg -L nsight-compute-{NCU_VERSION} | grep -E '/ncu$'").split()
if not ncu_paths:
    raise RuntimeError(f"dpkg lists no ncu executable in nsight-compute-{NCU_VERSION}")
NCU_DIR = os.path.dirname(min(ncu_paths, key=len))  # the top-level launcher, not a per-platform copy
os.environ["PATH"] = NCU_DIR + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"]  # nsight-python looks ncu up on PATH
print(f"  installed: {shutil.which('ncu')} -> {sh('ncu --version | tail -1')}")
 
# nsight-python 1.1.0 (CUPTI backend, tool APIs, info collectors) is tagged but not yet on PyPI;
# pin the commit this notebook was written against. The [cupti] extra is used in step 9.
NSIGHT_COMMIT = "bb96db4260b1823d86ecab9acfed0646d7af79ad"
subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "-q",
                f"nsight-python @ git+https://github.com/NVIDIA/nsight-python@{NSIGHT_COMMIT}"], check=True)
# The CUPTI backend needs cupti-python 13.4, which wants a newer libcupti than Colab's torch is pinned to.
# Install it into a separate directory that only step 9's child process puts on its path.
CUPTI_DIR = "/content/cupti_env"
CUPTI_EXTRA = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "-q", "--target", CUPTI_DIR, "--no-deps",
                              "cupti-python>=13.4.0", "nvidia-cuda-cupti~=13.4", "pyelftools"]).returncode == 0
 
import nsight  # activates Nsight Compute's injection library: must come before anything initializes CUDA
from nsight.collection import ncu as ncu_backend
 
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import torch
 
SILENT = nsight.VerbosityLevel.SILENT
pd.set_option("display.width", 200)
pd.set_option("display.max_columns", 30)
print(f"  nsight-python {nsight.__version__} | active tool: {nsight.get_active_tool()}"
      f" | injection error at import: {ncu_backend.injection_load_error}")
print(f"  torch {torch.__version__} (CUDA {torch.version.cuda}) | {torch.cuda.get_device_name(0)}"
      f" | cupti-python installed: {CUPTI_EXTRA}")
print("\n  Order matters: `import nsight` loads Nsight Compute into this Python process, and it can only")
print("  attach to CUDA work started after that. Every profiled function below runs in this same")
print("  process; nsight-python starts `ncu --mode attach` on its own PID for each one.")

ADD = lambda x, y: x + y   # sums a metric if cuBLAS splits one matmul into several kernels
 
@nsight.analyze.kernel(thermal_mode="off", combine_kernel_metrics=ADD)
def first_matmul(n: int) -> None:
    a = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
    b = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
    with nsight.annotate("matmul"):
        _ = a @ b
 
@section("2. Profile one kernel: what a ProfileResults row contains")
def first_profile():
    df = first_matmul(2048).to_dataframe()
    print(f"\n  to_dataframe() columns: {list(df.columns)}\n")
    r = df.iloc[0]
    t = float(r["AvgValue"])
    print(f"  annotation {r['Annotation']!r}, n = {r['n']}, kernel {r['Kernel']}")
    print(f"  {r['Metric']} = {t:,.0f} {r['Unit']}  (runs {r['NumRuns']}, stable: {r['StableMeasurement']})")
    print(f"  GPU {r['GPU']}, ComputeClock {r['ComputeClock']}, MemoryClock {r['MemoryClock']}")
    print(f"  -> {2 * 2048 ** 3 / (t * 1e-9) / 1e12:.2f} TFLOP/s for a 2048 x 2048 fp32 matmul")
    print("\n  Only the kernel launched inside nsight.annotate() is profiled; torch.randn above it is not.")
    print("  With a single run, StableMeasurement is <NA>: one sample has no spread to judge.")
    return f"fp32 2048 matmul {t / 1e6:.3f} ms ({2 * 2048 ** 3 / (t * 1e-9) / 1e12:.2f} TFLOP/s)"
 
first_profile()

def show(df, cols, scale=None, fmt="{:,.2f}"):
    out = df[cols].copy()
    for c, f in (scale or {}).items():
        out[c] = out[c] * f
    print(textwrap.indent(out.to_string(index=False, float_format=lambda v: fmt.format(v)), "  "))
 
@nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=[1 << 14, 1 << 24], runs=20, thermal_mode="off", verbosity=SILENT,
                       combine_kernel_metrics=ADD)
def noisy_or_not(n: int) -> None:
    x = torch.randn(n, device="cuda")
    y = torch.randn(n, device="cuda")
    a = torch.randn(2048, 2048, device="cuda")
    with nsight.annotate("vector add"):
        _ = x + y
    with nsight.annotate("matmul 2048"):
        _ = a @ a
 
@section("3. How many runs? Spread, confidence intervals and the stability flag")
def stability():
    df = noisy_or_not().to_dataframe()
    print("  20 runs per configuration; times in microseconds:\n")
    show(df, ["Annotation", "n", "AvgValue", "StdDev", "CI95_Lower", "CI95_Upper", "RelativeStdDevPct",
              "StableMeasurement"], scale={"AvgValue": 1e-3, "StdDev": 1e-3, "CI95_Lower": 1e-3, "CI95_Upper": 1e-3})
    tiny = df[(df.Annotation == "vector add") & (df.n == 1 << 14)].iloc[0]
    print(f"\n  StableMeasurement is simply RelativeStdDevPct < 2. The smallest kernel ({tiny['AvgValue'] / 1e3:.1f} us)"
          f" varies by {tiny['RelativeStdDevPct']:.1f}%:")
    print("  at microsecond scale, launch and clock jitter are a large share of the time. Judge small kernels")
    print("  with more runs, and compare their confidence intervals rather than single averages.")
    return f"16K-element add RSD {tiny['RelativeStdDevPct']:.1f}%; " + \
        f"2048 matmul RSD {df[df.Annotation == 'matmul 2048'].RelativeStdDevPct.max():.1f}%"
 
stability()
``` เนื่องจากการวัดเพียงครั้งเดียวอาจมีสัญญาณรบกวน การรันซ้ำหลายครั้งจึงจำเป็นเพื่อให้ได้ค่าทางสถิติที่แม่นยำ Nsight Python จะแสดงค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน และแฟล็ก `StableMeasurement` ซึ่งจะระบุว่าข้อมูลมีความเสถียร (ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานสัมพัทธ์ต่ำกว่า 2%) หรือไม่ ซึ่งสำคัญมากสำหรับการวัด kernel ขนาดเล็กที่มีความผันผวนสูง
 
```python
def make_scale_bench(cache_control, clock_control):
    @nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=[1 << 18, 1 << 24], runs=10, cache_control=cache_control,
                           clock_control=clock_control, thermal_mode="off", verbosity=SILENT,
                           metrics=["gpu__time_duration.sum", "gpc__cycles_elapsed.avg.per_second"])
    def scale(n: int) -> None:
        x = torch.randn(n, device="cuda")
        with nsight.annotate("x * 2"):
            _ = x * 2.0
    return scale
 
@section("4. Cache and clock control: two defaults that change the answer")
def cache_and_clocks():
    rows = []
    for cache in ("all", "none"):
        for clock in ("none", "base"):
            try:
                df = make_scale_bench(cache, clock)().to_dataframe()
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"  cache_control={cache!r}, clock_control={clock!r}: failed -> {type(e).__name__}: {str(e)[:120]}")
                continue
            t = df[df.Metric == "gpu__time_duration.sum"].set_index("n").AvgValue
            hz = df[df.Metric == "gpc__cycles_elapsed.avg.per_second"].set_index("n").AvgValue
            for n in t.index:
                rows.append({"cache_control": cache, "clock_control": clock, "MB": 4 * n / 2 ** 20,
                             "time_us": t[n] / 1e3, "GB/s": 2 * 4 * n / t[n], "SM_MHz": hz[n] / 1e6})
    tab = pd.DataFrame(rows)
    print(textwrap.indent(tab.to_string(index=False, float_format=lambda v: f"{v:,.1f}"), "  "))
    print("\n  The T4's L2 cache is 4 MB. A 1 MB input stays in L2 between runs unless caches are flushed,")
    print("  so cache_control='none' measures a warm-cache kernel and 'all' (the default) a cold one.")
    print("  clock_control='base' locks the SM clock to base frequency for every replay (the plain ncu CLI")
    print("  default); nsight-python defaults to 'none', so the GPU boosts. SM_MHz is measured per kernel")
    print("  (gpc__cycles_elapsed.avg.per_second). The ComputeClock column is not: it is the device's")
    print("  rated clock attribute and stays the same whatever the kernel ran at.")
    globals()["CLOCK_TABLE"] = tab
    small = tab[tab.MB < 2].set_index(["cache_control", "clock_control"]).time_us
    return (f"1 MB scale: cold/boost {small.get(('all', 'none'), float('nan')):.1f} us, "
            f"warm/boost {small.get(('none', 'none'), float('nan')):.1f} us, "
            f"cold/base {small.get(('all', 'base'), float('nan')):.1f} us")
 
cache_and_clocks()

SIZES = [(512,), (1024,), (2048,), (4096,)]
 
def tflops(time_ns: float, n: int) -> tuple[float, str]:
    return 2 * n ** 3 / (time_ns * 1e-9) / 1e12, "TFLOP/s"
 
def make_precision_body():
    def precision(n: int) -> None:   # a fresh function object for each decorator
        a = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
        b = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
        a16, b16 = a.half(), b.half()
        with nsight.annotate("fp32"):
            _ = a @ b
        with nsight.annotate("fp16"):
            _ = a16 @ b16
    return precision
 
precision_tflops = nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=SIZES, runs=5, derive_metric=tflops, thermal_mode="off",
                                         verbosity=SILENT, combine_kernel_metrics=ADD)(make_precision_body())
precision_ratio = nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=SIZES, runs=5, normalize_against="fp32", thermal_mode="off",
                                        verbosity=SILENT, combine_kernel_metrics=ADD)(make_precision_body())
 
@section("5. A size sweep, a derived TFLOP/s metric, and normalisation")
def precision_sweep():
    df = precision_tflops().to_dataframe()
    tf = df[df.Metric == "tflops"].pivot(index="n", columns="Annotation", values="AvgValue")
    print("  derive_metric=tflops receives (gpu__time_duration.sum, n) and returns (value, 'TFLOP/s'):\n")
    print(textwrap.indent(tf[["fp32", "fp16"]].to_string(float_format=lambda v: f"{v:,.2f}"), "  "))
    print("\n  T4 datasheet peaks: 8.1 TFLOP/s fp32, 65 TFLOP/s fp16 on tensor cores.")
    rd = precision_ratio().to_dataframe()
    fp16 = rd[rd.Annotation == "fp16"][["n", "AvgValue", "StdDev", "Unit", "Normalized"]]
    print("\n  normalize_against='fp32' divides each AvgValue by the fp32 AvgValue of the same configuration:\n")
    print(textwrap.indent(fp16.to_string(index=False, float_format=lambda v: f"{v:,.3f}"), "  "))
    print("\n  Read the row carefully: AvgValue is now a ratio (fp16 time / fp32 time), but StdDev and Unit are")
    print("  still those of the raw nanosecond measurement, because only AvgValue is divided.")
    best = tf.loc[4096]
    return f"n=4096: fp32 {best['fp32']:.2f}, fp16 {best['fp16']:.2f} TFLOP/s"
 
precision_sweep()

BOUND_METRICS = ["gpu__time_duration.sum",
                 "sm__throughput.avg.pct_of_peak_sustained_elapsed",
                 "dram__throughput.avg.pct_of_peak_sustained_elapsed"]
 
@nsight.analyze.kernel(metrics=BOUND_METRICS, runs=3, thermal_mode="off", verbosity=SILENT)
def what_limits(n: int) -> None:
    a = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda").half()
    x = torch.randn(64 * 2 ** 20, device="cuda")
    s = torch.randn(8192, 1024, device="cuda")
    with nsight.annotate("fp16 matmul 4096"):
        _ = a @ a
    with nsight.annotate("x * 2 (256 MB)"):
        _ = x * 2.0
    with nsight.annotate("softmax 8192x1024"):
        _ = torch.softmax(s, dim=-1)
 
@section("6. Compute-bound or memory-bound? Three metrics from one replayed kernel")
def bound():
    df = what_limits(4096).to_dataframe()
    tab = df.pivot(index="Annotation", columns="Metric", values="AvgValue")
    tab = tab.rename(columns={"gpu__time_duration.sum": "ms",
                              "sm__throughput.avg.pct_of_peak_sustained_elapsed": "SM % of peak",
                              "dram__throughput.avg.pct_of_peak_sustained_elapsed": "DRAM % of peak"})
    tab["ms"] = tab["ms"] / 1e6
    tab["limited by"] = np.where(tab["SM % of peak"] > tab["DRAM % of peak"], "compute", "memory")
    print(textwrap.indent(tab.to_string(float_format=lambda v: f"{v:,.2f}"), "  "))
    x2 = tab.loc["x * 2 (256 MB)"]
    gbs = 2 * 4 * 64 * 2 ** 20 / (x2["ms"] * 1e6)
    print(f"\n  Cross-check: x * 2 moves 2 x 256 MB in {x2['ms']:.2f} ms = {gbs:.0f} GB/s, against the T4's 320 GB/s")
    print(f"  datasheet peak ({100 * gbs / 320:.0f}%); Nsight Compute reports {x2['DRAM % of peak']:.0f}% DRAM throughput.")
    print("  Collecting several metrics makes Nsight Compute replay each kernel once per pass it needs;")
    print("  nsight-python still returns one row per annotation and metric.")
    return f"x*2: {gbs:.0f} GB/s ({x2['DRAM % of peak']:.0f}% DRAM); fp16 matmul SM {tab.loc['fp16 matmul 4096', 'SM % of peak']:.0f}%"
 
bound()

BYTES = ["gpu__time_duration.sum", "dram__bytes_read.sum", "dram__bytes_write.sum"]
 
@nsight.analyze.kernel(metrics=BYTES, runs=5, thermal_mode="off", verbosity=SILENT,
                       combine_kernel_metrics=lambda x, y: x + y)
def fusion(n: int) -> None:
    a, b, c = (torch.randn(n, device="cuda") for _ in range(3))
    with nsight.annotate("a + b * c (unfused)"):
        _ = a + b * c
    with nsight.annotate("torch.addcmul (fused)"):
        _ = torch.addcmul(a, b, c)
 
@nsight.analyze.kernel(runs=1, thermal_mode="off", verbosity=SILENT)
def fusion_without_combine(n: int) -> None:
    a, b, c = (torch.randn(n, device="cuda") for _ in range(3))
    with nsight.annotate("a + b * c"):
        _ = a + b * c
 
@section("7. Kernel fusion, measured in bytes: combine_kernel_metrics")
def fused():
    n = 32 * 2 ** 20
    try:
        fusion_without_combine(n)
        print("  (the unfused expression profiled without combine_kernel_metrics)")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"  Profiled without combine_kernel_metrics, the unfused expression raises:\n    {type(e).__name__}: {str(e).splitlines()[0][:200]}\n")
    df = fusion(n).to_dataframe()
    tab = df.pivot(index="Annotation", columns="Metric", values="AvgValue")
    tab = pd.DataFrame({"ms": tab["gpu__time_duration.sum"] / 1e6,
                        "MB read": tab["dram__bytes_read.sum"] / 2 ** 20,
                        "MB written": tab["dram__bytes_write.sum"] / 2 ** 20})
    print(f"  {n:,} float32 elements per tensor (128 MB each); metrics summed over the kernels in each region:\n")
    print(textwrap.indent(tab.to_string(float_format=lambda v: f"{v:,.1f}"), "  "))
    u, f = tab.loc["a + b * c (unfused)"], tab.loc["torch.addcmul (fused)"]
    print(f"\n  The unfused version writes b * c to memory and reads it back: {u['MB read'] + u['MB written']:,.0f} MB of")
    print(f"  traffic against {f['MB read'] + f['MB written']:,.0f} MB, and {u['ms'] / f['ms']:.2f}x the time.")
    return f"fusion: {u['ms'] / f['ms']:.2f}x faster, {(u['MB read'] + u['MB written']) / (f['MB read'] + f['MB written']):.2f}x less traffic"
 
fused()

import pynvml
 
pynvml.nvmlInit()
NVML = pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex(0)
 
@nsight.experimental.collect(scope=nsight.CollectionScope.ONCE)
def driver_version(*args):
    return pynvml.nvmlSystemGetDriverVersion()
 
@nsight.experimental.collect(scope=nsight.CollectionScope.RUN)
def sm_clock_mhz(*args):
    return pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetClockInfo(NVML, pynvml.NVML_CLOCK_SM)
 
@nsight.experimental.collect(scope=nsight.CollectionScope.RUN)
def gpu_temp_c(*args):
    return pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetTemperature(NVML, pynvml.NVML_TEMPERATURE_GPU)
 
def make_heat_body():
    def heat(n: int) -> None:
        a = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda").half()
        with nsight.annotate("fp16 matmul"):
            _ = a @ a
    return heat
 
@section("8. Custom info collectors and thermal control (experimental API)")
def collectors():
    out = {}
    for mode in ("off", "auto"):
        bench = nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=[4096], runs=30, thermal_mode=mode, thermal_timeout=60,
                                      info_collectors=[driver_version, sm_clock_mhz, gpu_temp_c],
                                      verbosity=SILENT, output_prefix=f"/content/nspy_thermal_{mode}/",
                                      output_csv=True)(make_heat_body())
        t0 = time.time()
        try:
            df = bench().to_dataframe()
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"  thermal_mode={mode!r}: failed -> {type(e).__name__}: {str(e).splitlines()[0][:150]}")
            continue
        wall = time.time() - t0
        csvs = sorted(glob.glob(f"/content/nspy_thermal_{mode}/profiled_data-*.csv"))
        raw = pd.read_csv(csvs[-1]) if csvs else pd.DataFrame()
        out[mode] = (df.iloc[0], wall, raw)
        r = df.iloc[0]
        print(f"  thermal_mode={mode!r}: {r['AvgValue'] / 1e6:.3f} ms +/- {r['RelativeStdDevPct']:.1f}%  "
              f"wall {wall:.0f}s  driver {r['driver_version']}")
    print(f"\n  The collectors became DataFrame columns; RUN-scoped ones were called before every run.")
    if "off" not in out:
        return "info-collector run failed"
    raw = out["off"][2]
    tcol = "Value" if "Value" in raw.columns else raw.columns[-1]
    print(f"  raw per-run CSV columns: {list(raw.columns)}")
    if {"sm_clock_mhz", "gpu_temp_c"} <= set(raw.columns):
        corr = raw[[tcol, "sm_clock_mhz", "gpu_temp_c"]].corr().iloc[0]
        print(f"  over 30 runs: SM clock {raw.sm_clock_mhz.min()}-{raw.sm_clock_mhz.max()} MHz, "
              f"temperature {raw.gpu_temp_c.min()}-{raw.gpu_temp_c.max()} C")
        print(f"  correlation of kernel time with SM clock {corr['sm_clock_mhz']:+.2f}, with temperature {corr['gpu_temp_c']:+.2f}")
    print("\n  thermal_mode='auto' (the default) pauses between runs when the GPU's thermal headroom runs low;")
    print("  the wall-time difference is the price of that, the spread difference what it buys.")
    return "; ".join(f"{m} {out[m][0]['RelativeStdDevPct']:.1f}% RSD in {out[m][1]:.0f}s" for m in out)
 
collectors()

CUPTI_SCRIPT = r'''
import os, json, time
os.environ["NSPY_NCU_INIT_AT_IMPORT"] = "0"     # do not load Nsight Compute in this process
import nsight
nsight.activate(nsight.Tool.CUPTI)
import torch
@nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=[512, 1024, 2048, 4096], runs=10, thermal_mode="off",
                       verbosity=nsight.VerbosityLevel.SILENT, combine_kernel_metrics=lambda x, y: x + y)
def matmul(n):
    a = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
    b = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
    with nsight.annotate("matmul"):
        _ = a @ b
t0 = time.time()
df = matmul().to_dataframe()
wall = time.time() - t0
nsight.deactivate()
print(json.dumps({"wall": wall, "rows": df[["n", "AvgValue", "RelativeStdDevPct"]].to_dict("records")}))
'''
 
@nsight.analyze.kernel(configs=[512, 1024, 2048, 4096], runs=10, thermal_mode="off", verbosity=SILENT,
                       combine_kernel_metrics=ADD)
def matmul_ncu(n: int) -> None:
    a = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
    b = torch.randn(n, n, device="cuda")
    with nsight.annotate("matmul"):
        _ = a @ b
 
@section("9. The experimental CUPTI backend, in its own process, against Nsight Compute")
def cupti_vs_ncu():
    t0 = time.time()
    ncu_df = matmul_ncu().to_dataframe().set_index("n")
    ncu_wall = time.time() - t0
    if not CUPTI_EXTRA:
        return f"cupti-python could not be installed; Nsight Compute run took {ncu_wall:.0f}s"
    with open("/content/cupti_matmul.py", "w") as f:
        f.write(CUPTI_SCRIPT)
    env = {k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k not in ("NVTX_INJECTION64_PATH", "NV_COMPUTE_PROFILER_PERFWORKS_DIR",
                                                             "NV_COMPUTE_PROFILER_IN_PROCESS")}
    env["PYTHONPATH"] = CUPTI_DIR + os.pathsep + env.get("PYTHONPATH", "")
    p = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "/content/cupti_matmul.py"], capture_output=True, text=True, env=env, timeout=900)
    if p.returncode != 0:
        print(f"  CUPTI run failed (exit {p.returncode}); last lines of its stderr:")
        print(textwrap.indent("\n".join(p.stderr.strip().splitlines()[-8:]), "    "))
        return f"CUPTI backend failed (exit {p.returncode}); Nsight Compute run took {ncu_wall:.0f}s"
    res = next((json.loads(line) for line in reversed(p.stdout.strip().splitlines()) if line.startswith('{"wall"')), None)
    if res is None:
        return f"CUPTI run printed no result; Nsight Compute run took {ncu_wall:.0f}s"
    cu = pd.DataFrame(res["rows"]).set_index("n")
    print(f"  {'n':>5s} {'ncu ms':>8s} {'cupti ms':>9s} {'ratio':>6s} {'ncu RSD%':>9s} {'cupti RSD%':>11s}")
    for n in ncu_df.index:
        a, b = ncu_df.loc[n, "AvgValue"] / 1e6, cu.loc[n, "AvgValue"] / 1e6
        print(f"  {n:5d} {a:8.3f} {b:9.3f} {b / a:6.2f} {ncu_df.loc[n, 'RelativeStdDevPct']:9.1f} {cu.loc[n, 'RelativeStdDevPct']:11.1f}")
    print(f"\n  wall time for 4 sizes x 10 runs: Nsight Compute {ncu_wall:.1f}s, CUPTI {res['wall']:.1f}s"
          f" ({ncu_wall / res['wall']:.1f}x)")
    print("  The two tools are mutually exclusive in one process and Nsight Compute cannot be unloaded, so")
    print("  CUPTI runs in a child process with NSPY_NCU_INIT_AT_IMPORT=0. CUPTI records one execution per")
    print("  launch, with no replay, no cache flush and no clock control: cheaper, and warmer caches.")
    return f"CUPTI {ncu_wall / res['wall']:.1f}x faster to profile; durations within {abs(1 - cu.AvgValue.div(ncu_df.AvgValue)).max():.0%}"
 
cupti_vs_ncu()

@section("10. Keep the evidence: CSVs and the full Nsight Compute report")
def evidence():
    files = sorted(glob.glob("/content/nspy_thermal_off/*"))
    for f in files:
        print(f"  {os.path.basename(f):60s} {os.path.getsize(f) / 1024:9.1f} KB")
    import ncu_report
    rep_path = next((f for f in files if f.endswith(".ncu-rep")), None)
    if rep_path is None:
        raise RuntimeError("no .ncu-rep in /content/nspy_thermal_off/ (step 8 did not complete)")
    rep = ncu_report.load_report(rep_path)
    actions = [rep.range_by_idx(i).action_by_idx(j) for i in range(rep.num_ranges())
               for j in range(rep.range_by_idx(i).num_actions())]
    a0 = actions[0]
    print(f"\n  the .ncu-rep holds {len(actions)} profiled kernel launches; the first is")
    print(f"    {a0.name()}")
    print(f"    gpu__time_duration.sum = {a0['gpu__time_duration.sum'].value():,.0f} {a0['gpu__time_duration.sum'].unit()}")
    print(f"    {len(a0.metric_names())} metrics available in the report for this launch")
    print("\n  output_csv=True writes profiled_data (one row per run) and processed_data (the aggregated")
    print("  DataFrame). The .ncu-rep opens in the Nsight Compute GUI for source-level analysis.")
    return f"{len(actions)} launches in the report, {len(a0.metric_names())} metrics each"
 
evidence()

banner("SUMMARY")
for name, res in RESULTS.items():
    print(f"  {name:<76s}  {res}")
print("""
What to carry over
 - import nsight first; it loads Nsight Compute into the process before CUDA starts.
 - Annotate exactly the work you mean to measure; one kernel per region unless you pass
   combine_kernel_metrics.
 - Decide cache and clock control on purpose: nsight-python flushes caches and leaves clocks
   unlocked by default, which is not what a plain ncu run does.
 - Use runs and the CI95 / RelativeStdDevPct columns; one run tells you nothing about noise.
 - After normalize_against, only AvgValue is a ratio.
Where to go next
 - Triton and cuTile kernels: examples/07_triton_minimal.py and examples/12_cutile.py.
 - Plots: @nsight.analyze.plot(...) on top of @nsight.analyze.kernel, with row/col panels.
 - Docs: docs.nvidia.com/nsight-python    Code: github.com/NVIDIA/nsight-python
""")
``` โดยสรุป Nsight Python ช่วยเปลี่ยนการโปรไฟล์ที่ยุ่งยากให้กลายเป็นงานง่ายๆ เพียงไม่กี่บรรทัดในโค้ด Python อย่างไรก็ตาม นักพัฒนาควรระวังเรื่องลำดับการนำเข้าไลบรารี และทำความเข้าใจเรื่องการล้างแคชหรือการล็อคคล็อกเพื่อให้ได้ผลลัพธ์ที่ตรงตามความต้องการที่สุด